Steven Penn

Lab/ Center/ Institute affiliations: Syracuse University Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Areas of Expertise:

  • Gravitational wave instrument science and astrophysics
  • Mirror coating thermal noise
  • Crystalline semiconductor mirror coatings
  • Physics of fused silica and optical materials
  • Nuclear physics

My research is gravitational wave (GW) detection and the emerging field of gravitational wave astronomy, specifically, maximizing the sensitivity of GW detectors so that we may “see” farther out into the universe.  The LIGO detector is a 4-km long interferometer with a differential arm length resolution < 10-19 m, or 10-4 of a proton diameter.  My primary work has been the development of LIGO’s “test mass” mirrors, whose motion indicates the passing GW.  These are the world’s most precise mirrors with the lowest optical and mechanical noise.   I led the research effort to develop the lowest noise glass that is used for the mirror substrates and suspensions.  I was a leader on the team that identified the significant noise contribution from mirror coating thermal noise and that developed the current mirror coatings. At present we have developed crystalline semiconductor mirror coatings, which promise a further 10x reduction in coating thermal noise.

Honors and Awards:

  • Special Breakthrough Prize in Physics for LIGO Scientific Collaboration, 2016
  • Princess of Asturias Award for Technical & Scientific Research for LSC, 2017
  • The Karl Taylor Compton Award for Overall Excellence, MIT 1992

Selected Publications:

Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger.

     Abbott, B. P., et al. (LIGO and Virgo Collaborations including S Penn)

     Phys. Rev. Lett. 116.6 (2016): 061102.    (Front cover article)

Substrate-transferred GaAs/AlGaAs crystalline coatings for gravitational-wave detectors

G. D. Cole, S. D. Penn, et al.

Appl. Phys. Lett, 122, 110502 (2023) doi: 10.1063/5.0140663

(Selected as a Highlight of the Year 2023 by Optics and Photonics News)

Mechanical Ringdown Studies of Large-Area Substrate-Transferred GaAs/AlGaAs Crystalline Coatings

S D Penn, M M Kinley-Hanlon, Ian A. O. MacMillan, et al.

Journal Opt. Soc. Am. B, 36, (2019) C15

Frequency and surface dependence of the mechanical loss in fused silica

Steven D Penn, et al.,  

Phys. Lett. A  352 No 1-2 (2006) 3-6

Gravitational Wave Detection and Coating Thermal Noise

S. Penn and D Ottaway, in Optical Coatings for Precision Measurements,

Ed. by G. Harry, T. Bodiya, R. deSalvo, 2010, Cambridge University Press

Mechanical Loss in Silica/Tantala Dielectric Mirror Coatings

S D Penn, Sheila Rowan, et al.,  

Class. Quantum Grav. 20 (2003) 2917-2928

Hong Martel

Areas of Expertise:

  • Mobile Apps, GUI Design, Client/Server Programming
  • Programming Languages (Java, C/C++, Swift, Kotlin, Dart, Scripting languages)
  • Object-Oriented Programming, Design Pattern
  • Data Structures, Relational Database, OpenLDAP, Active Directory
  • Software Architect, Specification, Design, Implementation and Test  

My wide breadth of software experience includes application analysis, system design, software implementation and testing, over 25 years’ experience in Java and C/C++ Client/Server programming, 8 years in native and cross-platform mobile applications. I love to work with young people, having mentored startup engineers as tech lead, and taught both undergraduate and graduate students as a teaching assistant and as an adjunct instructor at Syracuse university.  My training in mathematics, physics, computer engineering and management has been invaluable to my versatile problem-solving experience in both industrial and academia.

Honors and Awards:

Humboldt Research Fellowship, Syracuse University Fellow

Lance S. Ketcham

Areas of Expertise:

  • Over 30 years experience in the engineering field
  • Civil Engineering
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering

Mr. Ketcham has over 30 years of engineering experience including subsurface/remedial investigation, feasibility study, design, and construction management/ inspection. Duties have included preparing proposals, negotiating contracts, financial management, staffing, project development, engineering alternatives evaluations, construction administration, project management, directly interacting with clients/regulators, and strategic planning. His experience also includes serving as a project manager for the design and construction management of large remediation/construction projects. Mr. Ketcham served as Arcadis’ Technical Knowledge and Innovation (TKI) lead. He provides knowledge sharing throughout the company on the practice of construction design. He provides technical and constructability reviews on construction designs. He carries all this expertise into the classroom to educate the next generation of engineers for their next steps in the world.

Honors and Awards:

  • SU Alumni
  • 20+ years teaching for the Senior Civil & Environmental Engineering Capstone Class (CEE 475)
  • Master’s Degree from SU in Geotechnical Engineering
  • Licensed Professional Engineer

Jeremy Pierce

Areas of Expertise:

  • Philosophy of race
  • Metaphysics
  • Philosophy of religion
  • Social philosophy
  • Ethics

Most of my published work in philosophy has been on the topic of the nature of race and racial classification. I have also contributed chapters to several volumes on pop culture and philosophy. My teaching focus in ECS has been ethical issues in engineering, computer science, and science in general. I teach Syracuse University’s first-year seminar and sometimes teach classes for the philosophy department, including Ethics, Theories of Knowledge and Reality, Logic, and Human Nature. I also teach at Le Moyne College.

Honors and Awards:

  • Le Moyne College Outstanding Part-Time Faculty Member of the Year, April 2013
  • Syracuse University Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award, April 2003

Selected Publications:

Book: A Realist Metaphysics of Race: A Context-Sensitive, Short-Term Retentionist, Long-Term Revisionist Approach, Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield (December 2014)

Scholarly Article: – “Glasgow’s Anti-Realism: Experimental Philosophy and Thought Experiments,” Journal of Social Philosophy 44 No.2, Summer 2013, 146-168.

Popular Articles/Chapters:

— “Making the Inevitable Look Impossible and the Impossible Look Easy: Purpose, Fate, and Destiny in ‘Monday’ and ‘The Goldberg Variation’” in The X-Files and Philosophy, ed. Robert Arp (Open Court, 2017)

— “Disability in Westeros” in The Ultimate Game of Thrones and Philosophy, ed. Eric Silverman and Robert Arp (Open Court, 2016)

— “Being Vetinari: Personal Identity on the Discworld” in The Discworld and Philosophy, ed. Jacob Held (Open Court, 2016) — “Fate on the Discworld and Roundworld: A Conversation Between Death and Lu-Tze” in The Discworld and Philosophy, ed. Nicolas Michaud (Open Court, 2016)

— “The Golden Man” in Philip K. Dick and Philosophy, ed. D.E. Wittkower (Open Court, 2011)

— “It Doesn’t Matter What We Do: Whatever Happened Happened” in The Ultimate Lost and Philosophy, ed. Sharon Kaye (Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series, 2010)

— “Destiny in Harry Potter”, in The Ultimate Harry Potter and Philosophy: Hogwarts for Muggles, ed. Greg Bassham (Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series, 2010)

— “Mutants and the Metaphysics of Race”, in The X-Men and Philosophy: Astonishing Insight and Uncanny Argument in the X-Verse, ed. Rebecca Housel and J. Jeremy Wisnewski (Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series, 2009)

Jorge Romeu

Lab/ Center/ Institute affiliation:

  • Fulbright Roster Senior Speaker Specialist

Areas of Expertise:

  • Reliability
  • Quality and Industrial Statistics
  • International Education

Current Research:

Dr. Romeu has over 40 years of experience in teaching, research and consulting in the areas of Reliability, Quality and Industrial Statistics at the Reliability Analysis Center (RAC), IIT Research Institute, and SUNY, where he retired Emeritus in 1998. He has been a Research Professor at SU for sixteen years and worked as a Fulbright Scholar in Mexico (1994, 2000, 2003), Dominican Republic (2004), Ecuador (2007) and Colombia (2020; cancelled due to Covid). He has taught industrial statistics, design of experiments, simulation, operations research and statistical analysis at SU, SUNY and several universities abroad.

Honors and Awards:

  • Chartered Statistician Fellow, Royal Statistical Society
  • Senior Member American Society for Quality (Past Regional Director for NY and PA)
  • Fulbright Scholar

Selected Publications:

  • Commented Summary of a Year of Work in Covid-19 Statistical Modeling. Proceedings of the 2022 Annual Meeting. American Statistical Association.
  • Teaching New Quality Applications to the Next Engineering Generation. North East Quality Councils (NEQC) Proceedings of the Biannual Conference. Oct. 2018.
  • On the Statistical Education of American Engineers. Reliability Analysis Center Journal (RIAC). August of 2012.
  • Statistics in Support of Masonic Historical Studies. Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Meeting. American Statistical Association. In ESTADISTICA, Journal of the Inter-American Statistical Institute/IASI. (2018)
  • Demographic Analysis of Cuban Blue Lodge Masons: technical discussion. In ESTADISTICA Journal of the Inter-American Statistical Institute/IASI. Vol. 63, No. 181. 2012
  • On Operations Research and Statistics Techniques: Keys to quantitative data mining. Amer. Jour. of Math & Mgmt. Sciences, AJMMS, 26, 293-328. 2007.
  • On the Juarez Lincoln Marti International Education Project. Amer. Jour. of Math. and Management Sciences (AJMMS). Vol. 25 No. 1 & 2, 1–25, 2005.
  • Design and Evaluation of Aquatic Ecosystems via Discrete Event Simulation. Proc. of the Fed. Comm. Stat. Meth. (FCSM) Res. Conf. Washington, DC. 2003.
  • Monte Carlo Investigation of a Model for Generation of Non Gaussian Radar Clutter. Proceedings of the Interface Symposium. San Diego, CA. April 1993.
  • A Comparative Study of Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Multivariate Normality. Journal of Multivariate Analysis. August, 1993.

Marjory Baruch

Degrees:

  • May 1992 M.S. in Computer Science, Syracuse University
  • May 1979 Ph.D. in Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania
  • May 1975 M.A. in Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania
  • June 1972 B.A. in Mathematics, University of Chicago

Cliff I. Davidson

Degree(s):

  • Ph.D., Environmental Engineering Science, California Institute of Technology, 1977. 
  • M.S., Environmental Engineering Science, California Institute of Technology, 1973. 
  • B.S., Electrical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 1972.

Lab/Center Affiliation(s):

  • Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems
  • Director, Center for Sustainable Engineering

Areas of Expertise:

  • Environmental transport and fate of air pollutants, especially lead and other toxic metals as well as sulfate and other inorganic acids 
  • Measurement and modeling of atmospheric dry and wet deposition of pollutants 
  • Human perceptions of energy use from day-to-day activities 
  • Assessment of performance of green infrastructure for stormwater management 
  • Protection of cities from extreme weather events due to climate change 

Current Research:

Davidson is currently studying the performance of green infrastructure for stormwater management in Syracuse, focusing on the Convention Center Green Roof. At 0.56 hectares, this is one of the largest green roofs in New York State and also one of the best-instrumented green roofs in the country. Data are collected on temperatures at various depths in the roof structure, flow of drainage water during rainstorms, water storage in the soil, and several weather parameters. Leaf area index and other plant characteristics are measured for the six species of sedum growing on the roof. The data are used to adapt and validate computer models of water flow, storage, and evaporation from the roof. In other research, Davidson is studying how public and private organizations in the U.S. and Latin America decide on strategies to protect their city from the extreme events of climate change. The events include coastal flooding, droughts, extreme heat, and pluvial flooding at inland locations. The preferences for different strategies are examined through surveys. 

Courses Taught:

  • CEE 562 Air Resources I
  • ECS 650 Managing Sustainability: Purpose, Principles, and Practices
  • CEE 463/663 Introduction to Sustainable Engineering
  • Professional development workshops for faculty around the country on developing sustainability content for engineering courses

Honors and Awards:

  • 2024 Best Case Study Award for the paper “A diagnostic analysis of low-impact development simulations with SWMM”, by Lucie L. Worthen, Christa Kelleher, and Cliff I. Davidson, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, Volume 8, Issue 2, May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000976 
  • AEESP Distinguished Lecturer for 2022-2023, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors 
  • Faculty Fellow, Syracuse Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems, Syracuse University, elected 2016. 
  • Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers, elected 2016 
  • Fellow, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, elected 2015 
  • United Methodist University Scholar-Teacher Award, Syracuse University 2014 
  • William H. and Frances M. Ryan Award for Meritorious Teaching, Carnegie Mellon University, 2009 
  • 2009 Outstanding Paper Award, Literati Network Awards for Excellence, Emerald Group Publishing, for the paper “Transforming universities for sustainability: Seven case studies from around the world,” by D. Ferrer-Balas, J. Adachi, S. Banas, C.I. Davidson, A. Hoshikoshi, A. Mishra, Y. Motodoa, M. Onga, and M. Ostwald, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 9, pages 295-316, 2008 
  • Fellow, American Association for Aerosol Research, elected 2008
  • Phillip Dowd Fellowship, College of Engineering, CMU, 2007 
  • Outstanding Educator Award, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, 2007 
  • Charles Beyer Distinguished Lecturer, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, 2006 

Select Publications:

Squier-Babcock, Mallory and Cliff I. Davidson, Hydrologic performance of an extensive green roof in Syracuse, NY, Water, Vol. 12, Number 6, May 28, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061535. 

Yang, Yige, Cliff I. Davidson, and Jianshun Zhang, Evaluation of thermal performance of green roofs via field measurements and hygrothermal simulations, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 237, Number 1:110800, April 15, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110800. 

Yang, Yige and Cliff I. Davidson, Green roof aging effect on physical properties and hydrologic performance, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, Volume 7, Issue 3, August 2021. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000949?af=R. 

Worthen, Lucie L., Christa Kelleher, and Cliff I. Davidson, A diagnostic analysis of low impact development simulations with SWMM, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, Volume 8, Issue 2, May 2022. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000976. 

Johnson, Alexander J. and Cliff I. Davidson, Estimating dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols to urban surfaces by rain washoff, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 293, January 15, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119466.  

Johnson, Alexander J., Cliff I. Davidson, Evan Cibelli, and Anna Wojcik, Estimating Leaf Area Index and Coverage of Dominant Vegetation on an Extensive Green Roof in Syracuse, NY, Nature-Based Solutions, Vol. 3, December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100068. 

Shiu-Kai Chin

Degree:

  • Ph. D. Syracuse University

Lab/Center Affiliation(s):

  • Center for Information Systems Assurance and Trust
  • Institute for National Security and Counter Terrorism

Areas of Expertise:

  • Computer security
  • Systems assurance
  • Formal verification

Shiu-Kai Chin’s research uses mathematical logic for the design and verification of trustworthy computer systems. Examples of computer systems that must be trustworthy are command and control systems, financial services, and distributed control of the power grid. His focus is on policy-based design and verification with an emphasis on using computer-assisted reasoning using higher-order logic theorem provers.

Shiu-Kai supports the Air Force’s research in trustworthy systems and hardware-based security. His work with JP Morgan Chase was used to reason about the security and integrity of credentials and entitlements in large-value commercial transactions.

Honors and Awards:

  • Provost Faculty Fellow
  • Laura J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor for Teaching Excellence
  • Chancellor’s Citation for Outstanding Contributions to the University’s Academic Programs
  • 2005 Syracuse University Outstanding Teacher of the Year
  • Crouse Hinds Award for Excellence in Education

Selected Publications:

Shiu-Kai Chin, “Teaching Undergraduates Certified Security by Design,” 19th Colloquium for Information Systems Security Education, Las Vegas, NV, June 15-17, 2015.

Glenn Benson, Shiu-Kai Chin, Sean Croston, Karthick Jayaraman, Susan Older, Banking on interoperability: Secure, interoperable credential management, Computer Networks, Volume 67, 2014, pp. 235-251.

Shiu-Kai Chin, Erich Devendorf, Sarah Muccio, Susan Older, and James Royer, “Formal Verification for Mission Assurance in Cyberspace: Education, Tools, and Results,” Proceedings of the 16th Colloquium for Information Systems Security Education, Lake Buena Vista, FL, June 11-13, 2012, pp. 75—82.

Shiu-Kai Chin and Susan Older, Access Control, Security, and Trust: A Logical Approach, CRC Press, 2011.

Shiu-Kai Chin, “Logic Design for Access Control, Security, and Trust,” (Invited Keynote) Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA’11) Las Vegas, 18-21 July 2011

Shiu-Kai Chin, Sarah Muccio, Susan Older, and Thomas N. J. Vestal, “Policy-Based Design and Verification for Mission Assurance,” in Igor Kotenko and Victor Skormin (Eds.), Computer Network Security, 5th International Conference on Mathematical Methods, Models and Architectures for Computer Network Security, MMM-ACNS 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia, September 2010.

Glenn Benson, Shiu-Kai Chin, Sean Croston, Karthick Jayaraman, and Susan Older, “Credentials Management for High-Value Transactions,” in Igor Kotenko and Victor Skormin (Eds.), Computer Network Security, 5th International Conference on Mathematical Methods, Models and Architectures for Computer Network Security, MMM-ACNS 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia, September 2010.

Shobha K. Bhatia

Degree(s):

  • Ph.D., Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980.
  • M.S., Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India, 1973.
  • Bachelor of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India, 1971.

Areas of Expertise:

  • Use of synthetics and natural products in mitigating soil erosion and soil
  • Dewatering and containment of dredged sediments and waste
  • Use of recycle materials in civil infrastructures
  • Women in science and engineering

Dr. Bhatia’s current research efforts focus on the testing, development, design, and innovative use of sustainable natural and polymeric materials for the protection of water quality. In the area of soil erosion, a significant issue that can negatively impact surface water quality, Dr. Bhatia has worked extensively to develop methods to reduce stream bank erosion, evaluate the properties and performance of erosion control products, and develop new, innovative products to minimize soil erosion. Using a multidisciplinary collaborative approach, Dr. Bhatia has worked closely with manufacturers, national and international agencies, and research centers in the development of sustainable solutions for soil erosion issues. Recently, Dr. Bhatia worked on a research project to assess stream restoration methods to reduce stream bank erosion in the Catskill Mountains. Dr. Bhatia has also performed research to evaluate the technical, political, and cultural aspects of the use of natural erosion control materials (coir and jute) in India and the United States. Dr. Bhatia has also established unique testing facilities at Syracuse University to test erosion control products.

Dr. Bhatia has also worked extensively on the development of sustainable materials and methods to dewater dredged sediment, a significant and urgent issue in the US and around the world. Dr. Bhatia is currently investigating the dewatering performance of twenty-five different dredged sediments from water bodies in the US using polymeric and natural flocculants and polymeric and natural fiber geotextiles. Bench-scale, pilot-scale, and large-scale tests will be conducted to evaluate the interaction between sediments, flocculants, and geotextiles. Unique testing facilities have been developed at Syracuse University to characterize the sediments and flocculants. A model will be developed incorporating the sediments, flocculants, geotextiles, and filter-cake characteristics to predict geotextile performance. The systematic study will explore the use of environmentally-friendly flocculants and geotextiles in dewatering and containing dredged sediments and also provide a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of chemically-conditioned sediment dewatering using geotextile tubes. The wealth of data that will be generated will allow for the thorough evaluation of existing test methods, the development of new test standards (in consultation with an industrial advisory board), and the creation of a model to verify results. Dr. Bhatia is also working extensively with industry and international researchers on the development of geotextile tubes for dewatering fly ash.

Dr. Bhatia has also been extensively involved in engineering education. She is co-director of the Women in Science and Engineering (WiSE) initiative at Syracuse University. She is a Co PI of the National Science Foundation funded project SUADVANCE.

Honors:

  • Recognized as GeoLegend, Geo Institute, American Society of Civil Engineering, January 2020.
  • Recipient of the Award of Appreciation from the ASTM in 2019 and 2014 for successfully completing more than ten studies and 31 one years of service to D 35 Committee.
  • Appointed to the National Committee on Geological and Geotechnical Engineering of the National Academy of Science-Engineering-Medicine, 2016-2018.
  • Woman in Engineering Proactive Network (WEPAN), 2015 University Agent Award, 2015.
  • Invited and participated in an educational workshop on multi-scale soil-environment problems, to explore key challenges for future geo-engineers at University of Cambridge, England. Funded by the National Science Foundation, September 2014.
  • Appointed member of the Diversity and Inclusion committee, Geo Institute, American Society of Civil Engineering, 2012 – 2015.
  • YWCA Syracuse and Onondaga County, Diversity Achievers Award, Syracuse, New York, 2012.
  • Chancellor’s Citations for Faculty Excellence and Scholarly Distinction, Syracuse University, February 2009
  • Recipient of the Excellence in Graduate Education Faculty Recognition Award, the Graduate School, Syracuse University, March 2008
  • Recipient of the Women of Influence Award – Division of Student Affairs, Office of Residence Life, Syracuse University, April 2007
  • Recipient of the College Technology Educator of the Year award from the Technology Alliance of Central New York for her pronounced and consistent role in the community – beyond “the hill” of Syracuse University, March, 2004
  • Recipient of the International Network for Engineering Education and Research (iNEER) Award for Excellence in Fostering Sustained and Unique Collaborations in International Research and Education, July, 2003
  • Recipient of 2000 Laura J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor of Teaching Excellence, Syracuse University, 2000-2003

Select Publications:

Bhatia, S. K., Lebster, G., and Khachan, M. (2021). “Dewatering Contaminated Slurries Using Geotextile Tubes,” GEOSTRATA, American Society of Civil Engineering, March/April Issue, 2021.

Fatema, N., and Bhatia, S. K. (2020) “Role of Geotextile Pore Opening on the Dewatering Tests,” Geosynthetics International, September, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.20.00029.

Fatema, N., and Bhatia, S. K. (2019). “Comparisons between Geotextile Pore Sizes Obtained from Capillary Flow And Dry Sieving Tests, “Geotechnical Testing Journal , DOI: 10.1520/GTJ20180203.

Gallagher, P., Bhatia, S. K., Alestalo, S., Soundarajan, S., and Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, A. (2019) “Increasing Collaboration among Geotechnical Engineering Faculty: A Case Study from the “Geotechnical Engineering Women Faculty: Networked and Thriving Project,” ASCE, Geotechnical Special Publication, GSP 314 ed., pp. 86-98.

Duggan, K. L., Morris. M., Bhatia, S. K., and Lewis, K. E. (2019).  “Analyzing the Toxicity of Cationic Polyacrylamide and Cationic Starch on Aquatic Life,” Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, ASCE. Oct; 23(4): 10.1061/ HZ.2153-5515.0000467.

Fatema, N., and Bhatia, S. K. (2018). “Sediment Retention and Clogging of Geotextile with High Water Content Slurries,” International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 4: 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-018-0131-0.

Ratnayesuraj C.R, Kiffle, Z.B., Bhatia, S.K., Lebster G. and Timpson, C. (2018).Tests and Analytical Model to Predict Geotextile Tube Performance in the Field: A Case  Study.  International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo, March 5-10, 2018.

RatnaYesuraj, C.R. and Bhatia. S.K. (2018). Testing and Analytical Modeling of Two-dimensional Geotextile Tube Dewatering Process. Geosynthetics International, Volume 25, No. 2 April, pp.132-149.  https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.17.00038

Fatema, N., and Bhatia, S. K. (2018). “Sediment Retention and Clogging of Geotextile with High Water Content Slurries,” International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 4: 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-018-0131-0.

Khachan, M. M., and Bhatia, S. K. (2017). The Efficacy and Use of Small Centrifuge for Evaluating Geotextile   Tube Dewatering Performance. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 45(4), 280-293.